New research finds technology can shift rather than remove risk as The Nautical Institute, with support from Lloyd’s Register Foundation, calls for the industry to keep #ListeningToSeafarers

Technology can improve safety, efficiency and life at sea, but its benefits depend heavily on how systems are designed, introduced, supported and used, according to initial findings from the STEER Project.

The Nautical Institute, in collaboration with Lloyd’s Register Foundation, has published The evidence, the gaps and the way forward, its initial report into understanding how technology impacts seafarers.

The report marks the completion of STEER’s foundational research phase and brings together academic research, industry evidence, casualty investigations and direct engagement with seafarers.

One consistent finding has emerged: technology does not operate in isolation. Its effects on safety, workload, skills and wellbeing depend heavily on how it is designed, implemented, supported and maintained.

The evidence also suggests that technology frequently shifts risk rather than eliminating it.

A review of 471 maritime casualty cases between 2005 and 2025 found that 43.1% involved at least one human-factor cause associated with equipment and workplace conditions. In many cases, technology itself was not the primary cause, with deeper issues including inadequate training, poor procedures, weak supervision and gaps in safety management contributing to incidents.

Among 35 cases where technology was identified as the direct cause, safety management failures were present in 89% and inadequate resourcing in 77%.

Capt. David Patraiko, Director of Projects, The Nautical Institute said: “Technology is bringing significant benefits to shipping, but the evidence shows that those benefits cannot be judged on technical capability alone. What matters is how systems perform in real operations and how they affect the people expected to use them. That is why #ListeningToSeafarers is so important. By involving seafarers in the design, introduction and ongoing development of technology, we have a much better chance of ensuring it supports safer operations rather than creating new risks or additional pressures.”

The report also finds that seafarers are not resistant to technological progress itself. Their concerns more commonly relate to difficult or poorly supported systems, inadequate familiarisation, inconsistent interfaces, excessive alarms and technology that does not reflect the realities of shipboard operations.
Technology-related casualties were found to be more commonly associated with systems being misused, misunderstood or ignored than with broken hardware, while the report identifies vessel-specific familiarisation and realistic training as important factors in safe technology adoption.

These findings reinforce the central principle behind the STEER Project: #ListeningToSeafarers.
The project argues that seafarers should be treated as expert end users and given meaningful opportunities to contribute to the design, testing, implementation and ongoing development of maritime technology.

One Indian navigating officer interviewed for the project said: “Technology should not replace seafarers. It should amplify their experience.”

The report also highlights how digitalisation and automation can change rather than simply reduce workload. Poorly integrated systems can create duplication, additional administrative demands and greater cognitive load, while increased automation can place more emphasis on monitoring systems, recognising failures and knowing when professional judgement should take precedence.

Similarly, greater connectivity can improve access to family, shore-based support and services, while also creating new challenges around constant availability, privacy and the boundary between work and rest.

The research draws on 105 academic studies, 55 industry publications and 471 casualty reports, alongside direct engagement with seafarers and other maritime professionals. This included interviews, ship visits, workshops, webinars, surveys and analysis of public social media discussions.

Dr Tim Slingsby, Director of Skills and Education at Lloyd’s Register Foundation, says in the report: “#ListeningToSeafarers is fundamental to Lloyd’s Register Foundation’s strategy. By listening to those directly impacted by new technologies on ships, we can put people at the heart of decision-making and ensure seafarers have an active role in shaping an equitable transition to a safe, sustainable, decarbonised and digitalised ocean economy.”

The report’s initial recommendations call for closer involvement of seafarers in technology design and implementation, improved vessel-specific familiarisation, greater attention to alarm fatigue and repeated system workarounds, and stronger consideration of workload, competence and human factors when new technology is introduced.

It also identifies significant gaps in current knowledge, particularly around emerging technologies such as AI and remote monitoring, the long-term impact of automation on skills and professional judgement, and how technological change affects ratings, smaller vessels and underrepresented groups within the global maritime workforce.

These gaps will help shape the next phase of the STEER Project, with further engagement intended to turn evidence and seafarer experience into practical tools and validated guidance for safer, more human-centred technology adoption.

The report concludes that human capability cannot be fully replaced by automation, but can be effectively supported by it. The central question is therefore not whether shipping should continue adopting new technology, but how that technology can best support safe operations, professional judgement and seafarer wellbeing.

To read The evidence, the gaps and the way forward and join the #ListeningToSeafarers conversation, visit:
https://www.nautinst.org/steer-project/the-evidence-the-gaps-and-the-way-forward.html